Evaluating Different Types of Fire Suppression Systems in Data Centers

All data centers deploy robust cooling systems to prevent excessive heat build-up. Fire is, however, still a constant risk. This means that all data centers need effective fire suppression systems. Here is a guide to what you need to know about when evaluating different types of fire suppression system in data centers for your needs.

Different types of fires require different treatment

At a high level, all fires work on basically the same principle. They start when heat, fuel, and oxygen combine in a chemical reaction. This means that all fire suppression also works on the same principle. It takes away at least one of those elements and thus forces the fire to stop.

At a lower level, however, there are significant differences between fires that determine how they are treated. For example, fires involving regular flammable solids can usually be safely put out with water. By contrast, water is never used on electrical fires.

Moreover, the location of a fire may influence how it is treated. For example, businesses such as data centers may prefer not to use water for fire control even if it is technically safe. This is because water is notorious for causing additional damage. It is particularly damaging to electrical equipment.

Types of fire suppression systems

Here is an overview of the five main types of fire suppression systems commonly in use.

Gas-based systems

Gas-based fire suppression systems utilize inert gases or chemical agents to suppress fires without causing damage to sensitive equipment. Inert gas systems displace oxygen in the protected area, suffocating the fire. Chemical agent systems interrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, extinguishing it. Common agents include FM-200, Novec 1230, and CO2. These systems are ideal for facilities like data centers where water-based methods may harm electronics.

Water-based systems

Water-based fire suppression systems employ water as the primary extinguishing agent. They include traditional sprinkler systems, pre-action systems, and water mist systems. Sprinkler systems release water when heat activates individual sprinkler heads. Pre-action systems combine detection with water release, requiring two steps for activation to minimize accidental discharge. Water mist systems use fine water droplets to suppress fires, offering advantages in cooling and minimizing water damage.

Foam-based systems

Foam-based suppression systems discharge foam concentrate mixed with water to form a foam blanket over the fire, preventing oxygen from reaching the fuel source. These systems are effective for Class B fires involving flammable liquids or certain Class A fires. Foam systems are commonly used in industrial settings, aircraft hangars, and fuel storage facilities.

Chemical powder systems

Chemical powder fire suppression systems use dry chemical agents such as ABC powder or specialized powders like potassium bicarbonate to extinguish fires. These systems work by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire and forming a barrier between the fuel and oxygen. They are versatile and suitable for various fire classes, including Class A, B, and C fires, making them prevalent in commercial, industrial, and marine applications.

Hybrid systems

Hybrid fire suppression systems combine different suppression agents or methods to enhance effectiveness and versatility. For example, some systems integrate both gas and water-based suppression methods to provide dual-mode protection, combining the benefits of each while mitigating their respective limitations. Hybrid systems offer tailored solutions for specific fire risks and application requirements.

Factors to consider when choosing a fire-suppression system

Here are the 7 key factors to consider when choosing a fire-suppression system.

Type of fire risk: The nature of potential fire hazards, such as combustible materials or equipment, influences the choice of suppression system. Different systems are designed to combat specific fire classes (A, B, C, etc.), so understanding the predominant fire risks is crucial for effective suppression.

Regulatory compliance: Ensure the selected system complies with relevant industry standards, building codes, and regulatory requirements. Adherence to regulations ensures legal compliance and enhances safety and reliability by following established guidelines and best practices.

Safety for personnel: Consider the safety of occupants and response teams during system activation and operation. Factors like toxicity, asphyxiation risk, and evacuation procedures should be evaluated to mitigate potential harm to personnel and ensure safe egress from the protected area.

Speed of activation: Rapid detection and activation are vital to minimize fire damage and protect occupants. Choose systems with reliable detection mechanisms and fast deployment capabilities to ensure swift response and suppression, reducing the risk of fire escalation.

Effectiveness of suppression: Assess the system’s ability to extinguish fires promptly and efficiently. Consider factors like suppression agent type, discharge rate, coverage area, and compatibility with the fire’s characteristics to ensure effective suppression under varying conditions.

Impact on equipment: Evaluate the potential damage to critical equipment and assets during fire suppression. Systems that minimize collateral damage, such as gas-based systems for data centers, are preferred to safeguard expensive electronics and infrastructure.

Total cost of ownership: Consider installation, maintenance, and operational expenses, over the system’s lifespan. Balancing upfront investment with long-term benefits and reliability is essential to optimize cost-effectiveness while meeting suppression requirements.